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Water Transport

Waterways represent an incredibly important mode of transport for both passenger and cargo traffic in India. It is universally recognised as the cheapest means of transport and is particularly the most suitable method for carrying heavy and bulky materials over long distances. Furthermore, it stands out as a highly fuel-efficient and eco-friendly mode of transport. The water transport system in India is broadly classified into two major categories: inland waterways and oceanic waterways.

Inland Waterways

Before the advent of railways, inland waterways served as the chief mode of transport for the masses. Over time, however, it faced tough competition from road and railway transport. Additionally, the diversion of river water for irrigation purposes made these waterways non-navigable in large parts of their courses. Today, India possesses about 14,500 km of navigable waterways, which contribute approximately 1 per cent to the country's total transportation network. This system comprises rivers, canals, backwaters, and creeks. At present, 3,700 km of major rivers are navigable by mechanised flat bottom vessels, though out of this, only 2,000 km are actually utilised. Similarly, out of 4,300 km of the network of navigable canals, only 900 km is navigable by mechanised vessels.

For the systematic development, maintenance, and regulation of national waterways in the country, the Inland Waterways Authority was set up in 1986. The authority has officially declared three major inland waterways as National Waterways.

The Inland Waterways Authority has also identified ten other inland waterways which could potentially be upgraded. The backwaters, locally known as Kadal, of Kerala hold special significance in the realm of inland waterways. Apart from providing a cheap means of transport, they attract a remarkably large number of tourists to Kerala. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat Race (VALLANKALI) is a major cultural event held in these backwaters.

Oceanic Routes and Sea Ports

India is surrounded by the sea on three sides and is bestowed with a vast coastline of approximately 7,517 km, including its island territories. Water provides a smooth surface for very cheap transport, provided there is no turbulence. India has a long tradition of sea-faring and has developed many ports, historically indicated by place names suffixed with 'pattan', meaning port. The west coast notably has more seaports than the east coast. Presently, India has 12 major ports and 185 minor or intermediate ports providing vital infrastructural support. The central government decides the policy and plays regulatory functions for major ports, while minor ports are regulated by state governments. The 12 major ports handle about 75 per cent of the country's oceanic traffic.

Oceanic routes play a pivotal role in the transport sector of India's economy. Approximately 95 per cent of India's foreign tr